How does Dickens presentation of the four ghosts in A Christmas Carol teach both scrooge and his readers a lesson about life Essay Example

How does Dickens presentation of the four ghosts in A Christmas Carol teach both scrooge and his readers a lesson about life? Essay A ghost is a transparent figure of a dead person. In ghost stories we expect graveyards, the darkness, peculiar noises and scary figures/shadows. People are scared of ghosts because they are related with death. We dont know what death feels like so we are scared of what it holds. Dickens was trying to highlight the inequality and injustice of Britain at that time. Most of his novels are set in London and many of his characters are from underprivileged, poor backgrounds. E.g. scrooge exploits Bob Cratchet by making him work for low wages and in bad condition. In the beginning of the novel dickens leaves us in no doubt that scrooge is a very unpleasant man. Scrooge is described as secret, self contained and solitary as an oyster. Dickens describes Marleys ghost as being transparent with death cold eyes he used these descriptions to scare the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Dickens presentation of the four ghosts in A Christmas Carol teach both scrooge and his readers a lesson about life? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does Dickens presentation of the four ghosts in A Christmas Carol teach both scrooge and his readers a lesson about life? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does Dickens presentation of the four ghosts in A Christmas Carol teach both scrooge and his readers a lesson about life? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ghost took off his bandages to get scrooges attention. I wear the chains I forged in life this was a quotation used by Marley to try and make scrooge change his ways. This was intended to scare the reader and make them want to read on. Dickens describes the ghost of Christmas past as a strange figure. Dickens writes contradictory descriptions like a child yet not so like a child as like an old man Dickens continues, for example he writes its hair which hung about its neck and down its back was white, as its with age and yet the face had not a wrinkle in it. Dickens also writes its legs and feet most delicately formed were like these upper members bare. Scrooge is unnerved by this ghost because he is never sure at what he was looking at. The ghost of the Christmas past shows scrooge some of his previous Christmases. The ghost shows scrooges memories of his school days of how he was a lonely boy and his only friends were characters from books. During this memory scrooge learnt his first bit of compassion. Scrooge learnt its awful to be alone at Christmas. The ghost of the Christmas past showed scrooges memory of a huge, happy and exciting Christmas party thrown by his boss. Everyone was invited to the party even poor people. Scrooge spoke very kindly and everyone was enjoying themselves. There were lots of food, drinks, music and dancing. Scrooge learnt from Fezziwig that you can enjoy yourself without a lot of money. The last memory scrooge was shown was his memories of Belle his lost love. Scrooge split up with Belle because he was more interested in love than her. Scrooge learnt that money cant buy you love and money isnt everything. Dickens tries to convey you dont have to be rich to have a good time. The ghost of the Christmas present represents the Christmas spirit. This is first of all shown by his description because there are a lot of Christmassy elements for example clothed in one simple deep green robe on its lead it wore no other covering than a holy wreath The ideas are reinforced more by when they are visited by poor people, the lonely and the ill. The spirit waved his torch as if sprinkling Christmas spirit everywhere which made everyone happier. The spirit takes scrooge to see Bob Cratchets house and his nephew Fred. He learnt that Christmas is about happiness and love. Cratchit is shown he is very good natured because he did a toast called the founder of the feast. This makes scrooge feel guilty because even though he has been horrible to Bob, Bob still toasts him to say thank you for the money. The ghost of the Christmas present shows scrooge ignorance and want. Ignorance represents a lack of understanding and want represents greed. These are both present in scrooge. The ghost warns scrooge that ignorance and want were present in him. Dickens gives a message out to the reader that

buy custom Major Strategies behind Implementing Risk Management Programs essay

buy custom Major Strategies behind Implementing Risk Management Programs essay Introduction A risk is the likelihood of the occurrence of something that brings about a loss. Loses can be either direct or indirect depending on the situation. For example, such risks as earthquakes cause a direct loss of buildings. On the other hand, indirect losses include losing customer confidence or reputation, and increased operation costs in the process of recovering. Due to the advancement in technology, risk levels have risen. Therefore, there has been a need to put in place strategies that will be aimed at reducing risks facing an organization. The latter depend on several factors such as the size of a company and the complexity of business procedures. This paper examines various strategies that an organization can use in implementing risk management programs. Risk Management Risk management seeks to reduce, eliminate and control risks with an aim of enhancing advantages and avoiding detrimental effects of provisional exposure. Risk management aims at maximizing the possibility of success and reducing the probability of potential losses. It also involves the process of identifying, monitoring, measuring and controlling risks (Alhawari, Karadsheh, Talet, Mansour, 2012). The process of assessing risks includes identifying, evaluating the impact and recommending reduction measures; risk mitigation entails prioritizing, implementing, and maintaining appropriate risk control (Shenkir Walker, 2007). The major steps of risk management include identifying, establishing, analyzing, developing risk alleviation programs, monitoring and reviewing risk management strategies. The major approaches to the implementation of risk management programs in the field of technology include the following. Communication and Consultation The aim of communication and consultation is to identify people who should be involved in the process of assessing risks including the identification, evaluaion, and analysis of people who will be involved in reviewing and monitoring risks (Shenkir Walker, 2007). Such persons should have understanding of the decision-making process and the reason why certain actions are required when tackling risk issues (Alhawari et al., 2012). It is also important to use modern technology in this process. Establishing the Context Through the process of identifying the context, a company will define parameters that will be taken into consideration when running and setting the extent and risks criteria in a certain process. Establishing the context should be considered deeply to determine how it is associated with the scope of a given risk management program and the technology that may be required in the process. There are some steps, within which a threat should be recognized, and they include the outside context and the environment where a company seeks to achieve its main objectives. The inner context involves the domestic environment where a firm seeks to achieve its aims. The risk management context defines the scope, objectives and parameters of an organization where risk management strategies are applied. The development of risk evaluation criteria mainly aims at evaluating the importance of risks and defining their acceptable levels for a given activity (Shenkir Walker, 2007). The last step is the defi nition of the structure of risk analysis, which entails determining those categories of risks that can be managed. Risks Identification Risk recognition is the fundamental step in the process of threat management. It determines and reveals possible risks that have a high probability of occurring. In this process, various risks are investigated by considering the activities of organizations and all directions and attempts that may cause exposure to risks in the future from the varying external and inner environment. Accurate technology equipment may be used in risk identification. RRisk Analysis Risk analysis aims at assessing the impact of exposure and the likelihood of particular outcomes. The impact of risk exposure should be considered under the elements of quality, benefit, time and resources (Shenkir Walker, 2007). Risk analysis determines the possibility and the consequences of any negative impacts and then estimates the actual level of risks by combining the probability and the outcomes. The risk management team should use the modern technology in carrying out a risk analysis. Risk Evaluation Before one determines the likelihood, it is imperative to consider the risk tolerance level of the organization. The latter should consider the risk appetite and determine acceptable and unacceptable risks. The former levels of risk depend on the degree of voluntaries (Shenkir Walker, 2007). The process of risk assessment gives enough material for decision-making. Risk Treatment The process of risk treatment entails selecting and implementing several options for treating various risks. In addition, it should provide such options for risk treatment as changing the consequences, avoiding risks, changing the likelihood of occurrence, as well as sharing and retaining risks (Alhawari et al., 2012). Monitoring and Review The process of monitoring and reviewing is a necessary and integral part in the risk supervision process. Risks need to be monitored to ensure that the changing environment does not influence risk priorities and ensure that the process of risk management is effective in both operation and design (Radack, 2009). The organization should ensure that it reviews the process of monitoring at least on an annual basis. For the above to work it is imperative for a company to understand the process of organizing risk management (Alhawari et al., 2012). In the process of monitoring, modern technology can also be applied. Buy custom Major Strategies behind Implementing Risk Management Programs essay

ControversyCollege dorm can have any pets Annotated Bibliography

ControversyCollege dorm can have any pets - Annotated Bibliography Example It appreciates the importance of pets in dorms for some students, describing the adaptation Eckerd College had to make to admit students’ pets. It will contribute to the development of the introduction, particularly describing the types of pets allowed in institutions and in arguing against pets in dorms due to associated lifestyle adaptations. Gahagan, K. â€Å"Pet State: University of Northern Colorado Tests Pet-Friendly Dorm.† Denverpost.com. The Denver Post, 10 Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2015. http://www.denverpost.com/homegarden/ci_26656919/pet-state-university-northern-colorado-tests-pet-friendly This news article reports on the adaptation that the University of Northern Colorado had to undertake to admit students with pets. This follows the acknowledgement of the importance of pets for comfort among students. This came with costs such as liability insurance and capital expenditure on buildings. The data cited provides critical evidence to argue for and against specific pets in college dorms. Palazzolo, J. â€Å"Dorms Must Accept ‘Emotional Support’ Dogs, HUD Says.† The Wall Street Journal 16 May 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2015. http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2013/05/16/dorms-must-accept-emotional-support-dogs-hud-says/ This journal gives facts in support of pet dogs in dorms for students with disabilities. The author cites the obligation pegged on universities by the federal government through the US Department of Housing and Urban development for admission of emotional support animals. This will be a useful source in supporting pets that offer affection and companionship in college dorms for alleviation of existing disabilities among students. Steinberg, J. â€Å"Colleges Extend the Welcome Mat to Students’ Pets.† Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 5 June 2010. Web. 23 Feb. 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/education/06pets.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 This online newspaper article gives statistics, supported by examples, of

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example 469). In reference to planning, I agree that mission and vision statements helps focus formulation of action plans. In other words, the organization is able to align improvement plans with organizational objectives by means of using mission and vision statements as a framework. Caroline, I support your mission and vision statements on the basis of the facts presented on the case study. I therefore think that the mission and vision statements are specific to and relevant for the organization. Cady et al (2011) asserts that "Mission or purpose statements clearly state the foundational reason the organization exists" (p. 69). The statements you formulated is to deliver quality health care to enhance the well-being of a diverse community using available resources and technology. This shows the organization exists for the purpose of providing quality care for the community hence it is specific and relevant. These statements can be implemented as they will involve the use of available resources together with the help of the community. I also feel that the statements are of appropriate length, contain appropriate detail, and are clearly written in the essence that they provide all the values of Mountain View Health Center outlined in the case study. In relation t o the environment, the statements clearly states that available resources will be used. This means the environment will not be manipulated in an effort to achieve the objectives. Cost effectiveness of services as well as diversity components are for the benefits of the community and patients as

Where there is discord, let there be harmony by Thatcher Essay

Where there is discord, let there be harmony by Thatcher - Essay Example of reference or it’s a negotiated contractual relation aimed at satisfying the interest of all stakeholders in an interdependent group under a pluralist frame of reference (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). However, considered that under some empirical contexts, industrial relation can also be based on radical frame of reference which considers the relation between employee and employer illegitimate because it solely aimed at satisfying the interest of the employer (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19 ) and is based on a tradition which attempts to transcend the inequalities of class-based society. It is helpless to labour within capitalism but its identifying agency role in transforming capitalism. Unitary frame of reference refers to assumptions, attitudes, values, and practices pertaining to membership and thus, workers must be considered must be loyal and the whole interest are considered (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). The latter means that the interest of the industry and the state should also be considered. T he pluralist frame of reference, on the other hand, refers to powerful subgroupings of members with their respective leaders whom they’d profess their perspectives (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). The management in this reference must lean toward enforcing, controlling, influence, and coordination. Fox (1966) delved in to IR  in  UK  and the effect of Thatcher’s labour reform law to collective bargaining and the industrial action or unions’ responses to established institutional prerogatives and positions (pp. 1-19). For him, the unitarist route to improve cooperation between  workers  and  management was questioned based on scientific causes rather than on normative grounds (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). He also distinguished the structural determinants of behaviours from action-level determinants. The... For him, the unitarist route to improve cooperation between workers and management was questioned based on scientific causes rather than on normative grounds (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). He also distinguished the structural determinants of behaviours from action-level determinants. The action-level determinants are internal which affect attitudes, socialization processes, and perceptions while others are subjective and inter-subjective means of employing the meaning to the world (p, 1-19) which affect attitudes, culture, socialisation, perceptions, definitions while others are subjective and inter-subjective means of employing meaning to the social world (p. 1-19 ). He explained that industrial behaviour and the relationships between them are shaped not only by their personhood but by the technology they used at work, the structure of authority, communications and status within which they are employed (Fox 1966, p. 1-19). Fox (1966) thought that trade unions are legal representations of emp loyees and can be channelled to positive change if collective bargaining is appreciated a s means of dispute settlement. Workers at that epoch were demanding for more humane work conditions and greater representation in decision-making bodies in corporations, including those ran by the state (Fox, 1966, p. 1-16). They raised legitimate issues on unfair dismissal, maternity or paternity rights, leaves, protection of wages, and equal or redundancy pay (Fox, 1966, p. 1-16).

Psychology Concerns

Psychology Concerns Psychology concerns itself with the understanding of human behavior. In order to do this effectively, psychologists use a diverse range of perspectives, even when researching a single theme.   This assignment intends to discuss the claim that ‘there is a lot to be gained by studying a topic in psychology from more than one perspective. In order to discuss this claim, it will be necessary to provide definition of the terms ‘conflict, ‘coexist and ‘complement. These terms will then be applied to the themes of language and meaning and sex and gender in order to provide discussion of the claim made. It will become apparent that due to the complexity and multidimensional nature of these perspectives, the claim is truthful. Different psychologists have taken different perspectives on single psychological issues, they have produced differing theories and carried out research from their chosen perspective in order to achieve the evidence required to support these claims. These differing perspectives may conflict, (where the contrasting claims of different perspectives are mutually exclusive and cannot be resolved). They may be complimentary (where contrasting claims are mutually compatible and can be accommodated within a common explanatory framework) or they may coexist (when particular perspectives, even in the same topic area, have no real point of contact: they neither conflict nor complement one another)(Cooper Roth 2007.) There are three perspectives involved in the research into language and meaning. These are evolutionary, social constructionist and cognitive. Evolutionary perspective investigates the influence of evolution on behavior; it looks at language as a characteristic that is obtained at species level and that evolution creates the meaning The evolutionary perspective concerns itself with the influence that evolution is believed to have had upon behavior. This perspective looks at language as a characteristic gained at species level, proposing that the meaning of language was created via evolution. The process of evolution has created linguistic ability and therefore the capacity for meaning to be applied to language. Scientific investigations into the study of animals have highlighted that language in humans are different in comparison to that of non-humans. Pinker and Bloom (1990) suggest that language has numerous reproductive advantages; it was also proposed that the social significance of language has had great impact on human evolution. Evolutionary psychologists recognize language as being uniquely human and dependent upon subtle and meaningful interactions with others, this exemplifies the evolutionary perspectives coexistence with the social constructionist perspective. Leading on, the social constructionist perspective looks at language as the way in which people, through social interactions with others, construct their world. This perspective has been evidenced via hermeneutic studies. It is also proposed that language and meaning plays as role in the pursuit of goals and purposes of everyday life (Cooper and Kaye 2007). This concept regarding the pursuit of goals is not unlike the idea proposed in evolutionary psychology; that there are evolutionary factors at play when advantageous adaptive characteristics are passed through generations. These perspectives together, demonstrate that in creation of meaning for individuals external factors are influential, thus demonstrating coexistence. Cognitive psychologists take a contrasting approach to language; their perspective is that of a information processing system within the person. A computational model is used to hypothesise the contribution of both bottom-up and top-down processing of information, which underlies the creation of meaning. Evidence in support of this is obtained though scientific experiments. The cognitive approach purports that meaning precedes language. Therefore communication is considered to be the transmission of meanings between individual speakers, in contrast the perspective adopted by social constructionists claim that meaning is created between people within the goals and purpose of the conversation, this is often disputed by the persons concerned (Cooper Kaye 2007). This demonstrates conflict within the cognitive and social constructionist perspectives. Conflicts can arise within a single perspective as illustrated by Pinker (2000) and Sperber (2000) (both cited by Cooper Kaye 2007), they offered differing explanations regarding views on language within the evolutionary perspective. Pinker proposed that cognitive abilities are built upon the foundation provided by language, however Sperber proposed that language was a by-product of information processing and these cognitive abilities came first (Cooper Kaye 2007).   It is these very conflicts that invite debates within psychology and provide the justification for additional research. Moving on the writer will now evaluate coexistence or conflict between the various studies conducted with regards to sex and gender. The perspectives used, to explore sex and gender, are psychoanalytic, social constructionist, biological and evolutionary perspectives. Again, these perspectives use different research methods and therefore produce differing theories, providing diverse accounts of sex and gender which enhances the complexity of evaluating whether they are complementary, in coexistence or conflict with each other (Hollway et al 2007). The introduction highlighted that perspectives are multidimensional; the dimensions of these perspectives that interrelate and are available for comparison are in no way limited to the theories created by each one. Focus is now placed upon the methodologies within the four perspectives mentioned and the corresponding nature vs. nurture debate to evaluate these perspectives relationships with each other. The perspective that explores the role nature plays in human experience and behavior is the biological and evolutionary. Scientific approaches examining genes and biological structures provide the evidence within this perspective. The Biological perspective proposes that there is an association with genetic and physiological aspects of sex with self-evident implications for gender. PET scanning techniques and the study of material data produced from this provides strength to the claims (Swaab Fliers (1985), Allen Gorski (1990), LeVay (1991), Cooke et al (1998), all cited by Hollway et al (2007), however when used in connection with behavioural and cognitive studies they may only be understood within the light of context and environmental influences (Cooper Roth 2007). Evolutionary psychologists take the view that reproductive stratagies have evolved differently between men and women, this can account for the difference in behavior and sexual attitude. Through experiments (Clark Hatfield (1989) and studies using questionnaires (Buss et al (1992), these claims have been evidenced, however the evidence does not discount other explanations for these behaviors (cited by Hollway et al 2007). The study carried out by Clark Hatfields is consistent with the evolutionary perspective, suggesting that behavior is passed through generations as genetically programmed, however the findings also support sexual behavior being influenced by cultural patterns and social pressure, therefore consistent with the social constructionist perspective (Hollway et al 2007). Both perspectives emphasise the influence of nature in human behavior demonstrating they are complimentary to one another, however they can also be considered to coexist as they both use a scientific method using systematic observation of phenomena under experimentation. The hermeneutic method is adopted by both the social constructionist and psychoanalytical approach directed by subjective data collection and analysis and the focus is on interpretation which is provided by a persons beliefs and experiences. The Psychoanalytic perspective recognizes the significance of biological dissimilarity along with the cultural and social meanings of these dissimilarities, and the social constuctionist perspectives explores the significance of culture and context in the construction of ideas about gender (Hollway et al 2007). The argument raised by the social constructionist is that gender is a product of culture rather than something which can be explained through biological sex status, thus conflicting with the general hypothesis raised by biological and evolutionary methodology and in contrast exhibits the   effect of nature on gender development. Historical and social context provide the framework for experience, behavior and knowledge regarding sex and gender in the social constructionist perspective, additionally discourse analysis has afforded support for gender-appropriate behaviours between girls and boys, in relation to school activities and subjects and toys (Haywood Mac an Ghaill (1996), cited by Hollway et al 2007). The psychodynamic perspective attempts to comprehend how girls and boys obtain a sexed and gendered sense of self, as they grow up, within the family context. This perspective acknowledges the significance of biological and societal accounts; an exemplar is exploring how a baby, sexed by its biology and gendered by society, acquires psychological gender that becomes fundamental to its later development as a person (Hollway et al 2007). Comparable with the social constructionist perspective, social discourses are assessed, accordingly the two perspectives are complementary as they both acquire understanding of experiences being gendered through the hermeneutic approach. It is however emphasized by Cooper Roth (2007) that psychoanalysis, unlike most other perspectives, is unable to validate its claims. Psychoanalysis is unique in recognizing the role of biological and social factors, consequently that nature and nurture are both equally significant within sex and gender, this could therefore lead to a complementary relationship or even so far as coexisting with all three other perspectives. Together these four perspectives, to differing extents, place significance upon biological and social factors which signifies them complementing one another. Due to the distinctiveness of the claims within each perspective however, an argument could be raised that the perspectives coexist as the differences are significant. In seeking an understanding of a topic such as those outlined in this assignment, various perspectives can be complementary as they all endeavor to elucidate phenomena. In conclusion there is a lot to be gained by studying a topic in psychology from more than one perspective as the propositions considered within psychology are multidimensional for example the theory; the methods and data used; the levels of analysis, and themes such as nature or nurture. Understanding topics such as language and meaning, or sex and gender, is enhanced by the wealth of information that the variety of perspectives offer. By studying a topic in psychology from more than one perspective and evaluating whether perspectives coexist, conflict or complement each other reinforces the dynamism and vibrancy of psychology.

Colon Cancer Essay -- Biology Biological Medical Essays

Colon Cancer Disease Name: Colon Cancer Chromosome Number: #2 Locus Designation: 2p16 In the summer of 1993 researchers discovered a gene, known as MSH2, is lacking within colon cells. The MSH2 genes main function is to detect and correct small mutations that occur during cell division. The cause of colon cancer arises when this gene does not provide this protection to colon cells. This lack of protection causes multiple mutations within the colon cells until they become cancerous. Only about 6% of all colorectal cancer is said to be hereditary. Sporadic, or non hereditary colorectal cancer, makes up the other 94%. Hereditary colorectal cancer is made up of two syndromes- HNPCC (Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer) and FAP (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis). HNPCC is estimated to be 5% of the total hereditary colorectal cancer. HNPCC is a autosomal dominant disease, meaning that children have a 50% chance of inheriting the genetic trait from one of the parents being autosomally dominant. The parents who are autosomal dominant have a defect in their mis- match genes which identify and repair somatic mutations in DNA during cell division. Four genes have been identified as carrying this mutation; hMSH2, hMHL1, hPMS1, and hPMS2. ( h standing for hereditary) FAP constitutes only about 0.5 % of all hereditary colorectal cancer. It is also an autosomal dominant disease. Patients with FAP have a 100% risk of getting colorectal cancer, but it can be avoided. FAP is caused by a mutation in the APC gene on chromosome 5. The APC gene is able to be detected by a blood test. A study done in 1994 revealed that since the time the APC gene was identified 100 different mutations leading to st... ...er, making it the third leading cancer caused death rate. The main objective of doctors who deal with patients with colorectal cancer is not to cure, but actually to reduce mortality. With recent advancements research are finding new links to the effects of colorectal cancer genetically and physically. Works Cited: Caspari, Reiner. 3/12/94. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: Mutations at Codon 1309 and Early Onset of Colon Cancer. Lancet. Vol 343, pg. 629. Key, Sandra W. and Marble, Michelle, 11/23/98, Study Finds Gene Marker Could Predict Colon Cancer. Cancer Weekly Plus, pg. 14, 2/3p. Goldinger, Michael. Colorectal Cancer- An Overview. The Colorectal Cancer Home page. Hochhauser, Daniel. 4/19/97, Colon Cancer Genotypes Change in Two Ways. Lancet, Vol. 349, pg. 1151. Newsweek, 12/13/93. Finding the Colon Cancer Gene. Vol. 122, pg. 72. Colon Cancer Essay -- Biology Biological Medical Essays Colon Cancer Disease Name: Colon Cancer Chromosome Number: #2 Locus Designation: 2p16 In the summer of 1993 researchers discovered a gene, known as MSH2, is lacking within colon cells. The MSH2 genes main function is to detect and correct small mutations that occur during cell division. The cause of colon cancer arises when this gene does not provide this protection to colon cells. This lack of protection causes multiple mutations within the colon cells until they become cancerous. Only about 6% of all colorectal cancer is said to be hereditary. Sporadic, or non hereditary colorectal cancer, makes up the other 94%. Hereditary colorectal cancer is made up of two syndromes- HNPCC (Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer) and FAP (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis). HNPCC is estimated to be 5% of the total hereditary colorectal cancer. HNPCC is a autosomal dominant disease, meaning that children have a 50% chance of inheriting the genetic trait from one of the parents being autosomally dominant. The parents who are autosomal dominant have a defect in their mis- match genes which identify and repair somatic mutations in DNA during cell division. Four genes have been identified as carrying this mutation; hMSH2, hMHL1, hPMS1, and hPMS2. ( h standing for hereditary) FAP constitutes only about 0.5 % of all hereditary colorectal cancer. It is also an autosomal dominant disease. Patients with FAP have a 100% risk of getting colorectal cancer, but it can be avoided. FAP is caused by a mutation in the APC gene on chromosome 5. The APC gene is able to be detected by a blood test. A study done in 1994 revealed that since the time the APC gene was identified 100 different mutations leading to st... ...er, making it the third leading cancer caused death rate. The main objective of doctors who deal with patients with colorectal cancer is not to cure, but actually to reduce mortality. With recent advancements research are finding new links to the effects of colorectal cancer genetically and physically. Works Cited: Caspari, Reiner. 3/12/94. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: Mutations at Codon 1309 and Early Onset of Colon Cancer. Lancet. Vol 343, pg. 629. Key, Sandra W. and Marble, Michelle, 11/23/98, Study Finds Gene Marker Could Predict Colon Cancer. Cancer Weekly Plus, pg. 14, 2/3p. Goldinger, Michael. Colorectal Cancer- An Overview. The Colorectal Cancer Home page. Hochhauser, Daniel. 4/19/97, Colon Cancer Genotypes Change in Two Ways. Lancet, Vol. 349, pg. 1151. Newsweek, 12/13/93. Finding the Colon Cancer Gene. Vol. 122, pg. 72.

The American Idea

The notion of modernity is a concept that is employed to illustrate the state of being associated to modernism which, on the other hand, refers to a pattern of thought that confirms the influence of individuals to construct, enhance, and reform their environment. Further, the enlightenment project envisions the idea that new knowledge or understanding can be obtained which enables the clearness of perception.Hence, taken altogether, modernity in the context of the enlightenment considers the capacity of human beings to establish or reestablish their environment through the development of new wisdom and, more importantly, through the use of their reason or rationality. Jean Jacques Rousseau argued that the original state of man is one which is essentially free, or that freedom is originally humanity’s own. Moreover, he asserts that freedom has been lost but can yet be brought back through emancipation.In terms of modernity and the enlightenment, this emancipation can be taken b ack by using man’s rationality in order to clearly perceive what must be done so that individuals can reform their environment and, in the end, reclaim the freedom that they originally have. All these notions can be seen in Jose Marti’s Nuestra America specifically in the context of how he suggests that the Americans should act in order to reshape their environment and to eventually build a government that is uniquely their own and one that is devoid of foreign ideas and forms.There are quite several sharp notions in Nuestra America by Jose Marti, and all of these notions very well contribute to the revelation that with diversity comes the great possibility of acquiring an identity independent as it is from everything else outside. Although much of what is written verifies the idea that the creation of a government of the people surpasses that which is merely imitated, the role of the external elements can be argued as indispensable elements in the establishment of an identity.One of the central themes in Nuestra America is the idea of the formation of the government that is distinctive and proper to the Americans. Marti’s argument is grounded on the premise that a government that is shaped according to other nations or that which resembles or at least partly incorporates external elements from foreign nations will not be suitable for the people and for the entire nation. It can be observed that Marti firmly adheres to the principle of having an identity that is solidly based on what is natural to the people and to the rest of the country.What is natural supersedes those that are artificial. And what is essentially natural to America is ‘diversity’ in the truest sense of the word. Apparently, Marti makes it a point to bridge the issue with diversity to that of having a strong government structured according to the innate qualities of the American people. However, it fails to consider the fact that diversity also grants the sub stantial possibility of not actually unifying all the corners of the country into a single and identifiable sphere.What Marti does is to transcend this ‘diversity’ and patch all the different—albeit intrinsic—‘American’ elements into a unified concept that virtually quells, at least in theory, the force of other external factors. He does this at least in the sense of proposing an ‘ideological’ battle, one that treats ideas far superior than brute or physical force. Although Marti argues that bloodshed is inevitable, he also suggests that the ideas of man will have to take the core of the movement towards the establishment of an independent and unique government and that these ideas should come from the American people themselves and not from anybody else.In the opening parts of Marti’s work, it can be noted that he argues that men must unify themselves from the various ranks against the ‘seven-league giant’ thr ough the force of their ideas since ideas cannot be physically destroyed. While it is remains feasible that ideas cannot be destroyed in the physical sense and that while they can significantly proliferate and claim the victory of an entire nation, the role of sheer physical force in propelling such ideas towards certain goals cannot be denied.It should be noted that ideas have to be juxtaposed with physical and actual attempts of progressing towards a certain goal which, specifically in the context of Marti’s Nuestra America, is the creation of an American government in the strictest sense. By remaining as mere ideas contextualized solely on that rational or thinking part of human existence, ideas can hardly be a revolutionizing tool in altering the undesirable elements within the society.In another sense, there should be the ‘correspondence’ between such ideas and their physical or actual manifestation (Glennon and Johnson 2006). The absence of such a correspon dence may very well inhibit the ideas from ever reaching the desired outcomes, for what good is a prolific idea that is short of touching the actual existence of social problems and the reality of the clamoring for a physical government? Will ideas alone revolutionize a whole nation without even concretizing these ideas? Apparently, the answer to these questions is a resounding skepticism.History, at the least, tells one that most, if not all, of the changes or alterations in the society have, in one way or another, physical and actual movements which are strongly fastened to certain beliefs and ideologies (Merrill 1948). For instance, the American Revolution is considered to be founded on political and social ideologies that greatly contribute to the social movement during those times where the metaphorical ammunitions for artilleries are ideas that define what is being aimed at (Nelson 1965).Wars in Latin America are likewise strongly founded on the correspondence between ideologi es and the actual manifestation or enacting of these ideas (Thies 2005). Nevertheless, Marti also recognizes the notion that bloodshed is a strong coefficient of his proposed ideas of the unification of the American people and the establishment of a government solely their own and from their own.Marti strengthens to solidify his claim by suggesting that those who would seek the governance of America must focus on and attempt at identifying the reality of the nation and of the people—of the existing diversity that direly needs unification—in order to fulfill the idea that the spirit of the government is indeed the spirit that is truly derived from America and not from any other (Saldivar 1998).Hence, for those people seeking to identify what is being suggested to be identified must necessarily have the keen perception to not only feel what is real but to notice and extract the solutions for the reality of the social problems or, at least, of what is intended to be addre ssed. Otherwise, those who seek to eliminate the external or foreign elements seeping into American thoughts will utterly fail for lack of the capacity to transcend the blurring of the mind and of critical thinking.Such an attempt to identify the reality of the nation and of the people reinforces the idea that the better and fitting individuals to achieve such feat are those who are accustomed to America—and there can be no better person who does not only know much of America but acts and feels like America than the American. This goes to show that the foreigner cannot exactly feel the American reality, or that the foreign elements cannot entirely suffice to define the American experience although in some parts it may have something to do with it.Nevertheless, Marti’s Nuestra America clearly emphasizes the author’s strong attachment, at least in terms of the content of the literature, with the clamoring for a ‘pure’ American nation, a nation that is founded on American elements. Yet what is striking about Marti’s Nuestra America is the fact that it proposes for a unified government able to identify the reality of the nation, a unified government that is nonetheless rooted on a wide array of individuals or on a, roughly speaking, diversified society.It is indeed a widely held idea that the rest of America is diverse (Sullivan 1973), and that this entails the notion that a ‘unification’ of all the recognized and unrecognized sectors of the nations is a monumental task. While Marti champions his assertion that foreign ideas and forms have caused the delay in the rising of a logical structure of a government of America, he fails to note that the very diversity of America also has a role in such a delay.What he does in the article is to espouse the idea that such diversity can be committed towards the creation of a unique government and a unified people and to set aside or, at least, subtly put his hands off the lingering argument that this diversity may in fact be the one which will hinder the creation of an American government bereft of imported ideas and forms.Although native forces—‘forces’ not to be limited in the military sense—can keep at bay impending external or foreign forces from entering the layer that separates what is pure from what is alien, these same internal forces have a connection with the external forces in one way or another. Part of the evidence to this can be rooted from the argument that there is no such thing as a pure race that is distinct from the rest of the races since all of mankind emerged from a single ancestry otherwise known as Homo sapiens (McBrearty 1990).With the idea that all of humanity came from a single line of ancestry, by definition there can be no such thing as ‘race’ and that the demarcation between the American race and the ‘other’ races is dissolved. Technically, it may be true that mankind belongs to the same ancestry. Practically, there are staggering realities that ultimately create a wide space between socially constructed ‘races’ or equivalents thereof.Hence, although Jose Marti actually claims that there is no such thing as hatred for the other races because there are no races, he actually argues in Nuestra America that the people should consider the past, family and ancestral roots of the Americans and do away with what can be termed as ‘colonial inheritance’ for it entails things that are corrupt and defunct. By criticizing the ‘Parisians’ or ‘Madrileà ±os’, Marti actually draws the line between what is American from what is not.And in doing so, it cannot be avoided that Nuestra America in essence may contribute to the enlargement of the space that divides America from the imported ideas and forms and, thus, the treatment of these foreign entities as ‘others’. Marti’s work also appears to signify that America is indeed its own, and that what belongs to others is theirs as well which brings us back to what Marti’s work purports to address yet fails to meet—that there is no hatred among races because there is no such thing as ‘race’.Ironically, while Nuestra America echoes the clamoring for a unique government that is purely American by vanquishing the foreign or imported ideas that are imbibed into the society, it also establishes the idea of separating what is American from what is not if indeed a separation can ever be achieved at all, if not physically, at least ideologically. The fact that America and its people are diverse is a compelling reason to push the idea that the rest of America can hardly a government molded into a single, unified entity where opposition is inexistent or kept at a manageable level.Moreover, cultural relativism proclaims the idea that several values such as ethical values of rightness or wrongness may actually vary from culture to culture, and that cultural supremacy or the superiority of one culture from the other relatively varies as well on certain cultural perspectives (Schmidt 1955). From this, one can observe that Marti’s article conveys the idea that, by excluding anything that is foreign to the system of ideas of the American population, the American ideals are preferred over the foreign ones.Although there is no explicit mentioning that American ideals are far off better than imported ideas, by embracing American ideas in the formation of a unique government one actually albeit subliminally pursues the underlying assumption that what is native is more preferred since it applies better and fitting to the contextual nature of America and, therefore, is superior over the rest at least when put into the context of the formation of a unique government.Interestingly, cultural relativism tells us otherwise. The American attempt to furnish for themselves a unique government exclud es the assumption that imported ideas may also serve a contributive purpose in meeting such an end in replacement for defunct native ideas.While Nuestra America purports to assert for an American identity through its government and purely American ideas while straining foreign elements away from such a glaring feat, it also substantiates on the thesis of using the American diversity as a means towards unifying the whole, condensing them altogether into a single native label called ‘America’ without discussing much about the weakening force such a diversity may take with it.Nevertheless, Jose Marti nails the crucial point in his work—the great significance of ideas in the advancement of an American identity—by taking consideration the role of ideas in revolutionizing a nation flustered with unfamiliar or imported ideas. While it may be the case that ideas without corresponding actions are like vehicles without wheels, it certainly is the case that actions w ithout ideas are like violent storms which display their destructive might while leaving debris and rubbish after the winds and heavy rains abate.

The Trail of Tears essays

The Trail of Tears essays More than 150 years ago, in 1839, the United States forced the Cherokee Nation West of the Mississippi River into what later would become the state of Oklahoma. The weather was unusually harsh that winter and the cold, the disease and the hunger cost the Cherokee Nation the lives of at least four thousand of the fifteen thousand people who traveled the thousand miles West (Perdue 93). Not only was the journey a very cruel and dangerous one for the Native Americans, but it also upset their tribal lives, particularly the tribal lives of the Cherokee women. This essay will focus on the position of the Cherokee woman in her tribe before and during the relocation West. Native American woman, particularly the Cherokee, lived and thrived in a matrilineal society long before the Europeans immigrated to North America. Traditionally Cherokee women had a voice in Cherokee government. They spoke freely in council, and the War Woman (or Beloved Woman) decided to the fate of captives (Perdue 94). The Cherokee men would live in houses that belonged to their wives and to their wifes family. Many tribal members believed that marriage gives no right to the husband over the property of his wife; and when they part she keeps the children and property belonging to them (Perdue 95). Even the fresh produce and other belongings of a Cherokee belonged to the women because they were the primary farmers. The Cherokee women owned their own fields and tended their own crops. The Cherokee women were also very adamant and vocal peacekeepers. In 1787, Benjamin Franklin received a letter from a Cherokee woman telling him that she had told her people to maintain peace with the white settlers. She had filled the peace pipe for the warriors and she enclosed some of the same tobacco for the United States Congress in order to unite symbolically her people and his in peace. She conti...

Common app Essays

Common app Essays Common app Essay Common app Essay 523205 Lang p. 2 October 13, 2013 Common Application Option #2: Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what lessons did you learn? When I heard the news, my stomach turned I felt like everything I worked for shattered right in front of me, and there was nothing that could fix it. During the summer I experienced a tragic injury. It all happened the final half of a soccer tournament with five minutes left in the game. This is when I experienced failure; I had thrown every opportunity away. Failure indicated no more scholarships, or laying the one sport I loved, and it also meant throwing all my hard work away. As I pulled up to the doctors office nervous of what the doctor was going to tell me. I knew I fgured Id only be out for a short amount of time, and then Id be back on the field. Well, unfortunately that wasnt the case. I was told I pinched five nerves in my back and partially slipped a disc, this injury was critical and I could potentially make it worse, which led to no soccer for at least six months. This then meant I wouldnt be able to touch the ball, to work on my skills or to gain scholarships, and lay the game I loved. This meant recovery, and therapy and a fast comeback even if the doctor said no soccer for six months I was determined to come back within the next few weeks. Months passed, and they passed slowly. My passion for the game was gone because I wasnt able to play it. I lost my skill, I gave up. I failed to do what I told myself I would, to comeback within the next couple weeks and to be okay. I ended up quitting soccer, I didnt think I was good enough my scholarships were gone; no one knew my name anymore. And the worst part about it was I didnt care. I was okay with letting go of my passion because I hadnt interacted with it in so long. Playing for 12 years and giving up was hard at the beginning but it slowly got easier to do. My grades slipped because I didnt have any motivation. I became depressed and soccer was stored in the back of my mind. I didnt think or care about the game anymore. Then summer came along I was stressing already about my post high school plans, and what school to attend. As I was sitting on the patio at the beach taking in the view, watching the neighbor kids kick the ball around made me reminisce on the ast. It made me miss my passion, my love and the one thing that got me through everything. There were exactly three days till I was home from my vacation and there were four days till senior year high school soccer tryouts. I hadnt touched a soccer ball in a whole year, I had Joked with my family all week about how funny itd be if I played again. That had me thinking. What if I decided to give it a try and comeback? I came to decision on the last night of vacation. That I would go back and I would try out and give it everything I had. I fully understood that I hadnt played in over a year and I wasnt going to be nearly as good as I once was. But that Wednesday I came back I put my cleats on, I pulled my hair back, and I put a smile on my face, I stepped fingers being pointed at me I had overcame my failure. I had pushed passed the fact I wasnt the same player, I had looked beyond the fact that I wasnt going to be as good as I once was, and I worked hard for what I wanted. And at the endof that week everything I had worked for had paid off, I was a new member of the varsity soccer team.

Corporate NGO Partnerships In Developing Countries Essay

Corporate NGO Partnerships In Developing Countries - Essay Example This number in India counts even more which is around 1-2 million and in Russia it is around 277000 (NGO, n.d.). With increasing globalization leading to cross border trade activities and with more and more organizations from one nation venturing in another country Corporate Social Responsibility has become very important for every organization to sustain in long run. Restructuring of the society with efforts being made for the welfare of the state has led to massive growth of NGO s in Western countries. Another reason which has enhanced the rapidity of the growth in NGOs is that the different international bodies in recent times including the World trade Organization were mainly focused on the enrichment of the capitalist society. So it has become utterly essential for the growth of organizations which focus on human causes and developmental issues relating to the general society at large with primary focus on humanitarian activities. One exclusive example focusing on humanitarian a ctivity is â€Å"World Social Forum† which directly opposes the â€Å"World Economic Forum† and mainly controls welfare of the poor and in one sense it is regarded as an aristocratic mode of politics. The paper analyzes whether corporate-NGO partnerships have helped in promoting sustainability in developing nations. History and Growth of NGO Rugendyke (2007), Clark (2003), Teegen (2003) observe that there was huge suport for the movement concerned with the growth of NGO campaign in the Western World in the past. All big personalities, students, model or people from any other profession had a great deal of support for a popular campaign named as â€Å"Make Poverty History†. There had been a great deal of publicity regarding the cause. As per the author in recent times when... This report stresses that all organizations are meant for creating something; for achieving some purpose. In a commercial organization the producers remain under direct manager’s control. In an organization the buyer receives ownership for the payment being made and thereby the relationship between organization and client ends. But the producer is entirely different from the client. This report makes a conclusion that thus from the above discussion on the corporate-NGO partnership it can be said that the NGOs should be given enough space to work. This is because the NGOs have their innovative work culture which is at variance with the traditional working methods. This helps the NGOs to develop policies as per the needs of the society and as per the problem at large afflicting a particular segment. The NGOs work hard and develop new policies meant for the welfare of the society. So it is highly important that the NGOs work out more solutions, go for tie ups with corporate and t hus using their expertise as well as generating the funds needed for the projects to be successful. Moreover they should avoid the words of the critic and work on their own set of standards and rules provided these rules are not against the society. This will help develop NGO activities in the long run and will help increase the number of NGO organizations across the globe which will bring about transformation especially in the less developing nations.

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital - Essay Example The General Hospital opened its doors in 1968 to provide quality medical care to the community around it and beyond. At first, gradual growth resulted to an increased number of patients and hospital activity in general. Recently, however, there was a sharp decline in patient occupancy from 90 percent to 60 percent. The hospital chief executive officer (CEO), Mike Hammer, believed that physicians played a significant role in this decline by having their allegiance to their profession rather than to the hospital. In his opinion, the physicians did not consider the economic repercussions of their medical practice; neither did they care about the situation in which they were placing the hospital. In this respect, the CEO used various conflict resolution techniques to solve the stalemate between the hospital and its employees, and among the employees. At first, the CEO attempted to communicate his concerns to physicians through Dr. Mark Williams, Director of Medicine, to no avail. Later on, he had to cut costs by computerization of hospital procedures resulting in firing of a highly efficient EKG reader, Dr. James Boyer, and replacing him with a non-satisfactory computerized EKG reading system. This infuriated the physicians as not only was one of them fired, but also the computerized system was implemented without their consent or consultation. Hammer refused to take responsibility and his Chief Operations Officer (COO), Marge Harding, who implemented the system without consultations, refused to attend meetings with physicians to avoid meeting them and explaining her policies. This is the first approach that the CEO took by organizing a meeting with the Director of Medicine who was in charge of the physicians. The intention was to have each party air its views on the situation at hand and come to an agreement that would be